Studying the Factors Affecting the Employability of Students in Iraqi Public Universities

Abstract

This study aimed to identify and explain the multilevel factors influencing the employability of students in Iraqi public universities to propose a localized model bridging higher education and the labor market. This qualitative research employed a grounded theory approach within an interpretivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders, including faculty members of public universities, executive managers, higher education policymakers, and private sector representatives. Purposeful sampling with maximum variation continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis followed Strauss and Corbin’s systematic coding steps—open, axial, and selective—and was supported by MAXQDA software for data organization and management. Analysis revealed that employability is shaped by the interplay of micro-level factors such as education quality and relevance, employment-related regulations and standards, professional and occupational factors, and organizational structures within universities. These influences are moderated by individual and personal attributes, including perseverance, self-confidence, motivation, and key personal skills such as digital literacy, teamwork, problem-solving, and proficiency in English. Additionally, macro-level political, economic, social, and cultural contexts create overarching opportunities or constraints that shape graduates’ employability potential. Employability is a complex and multilayered construct requiring integrated action across higher education, institutional policy, and personal capability development. Strengthening university–industry collaboration, redesigning curricula aligned with market needs, and fostering students’ transferable and digital skills are essential to narrowing the gap between education and employment in Iraq.